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Young Goodman Brown Analysis Free Essays

The despair Young Goodman Brown is feeling from reality he finds during the night is totally defended. How would it be able to not be after such a horrendous encounter? His whole picture of his general surroundings was broken. The individuals he new and gazed upward to, were not what he consumed his time on earth trusting them to be. We will compose a custom exposition test on Youthful Goodman Brown Analysis or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now There are numerous entries by Young Goodman Brown that depict these considerations, feeling, loss of guiltlessness, and changes to his discernment in the short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. What quickly stood apart to me was the sweet trade of words Goodman and Faith had, at the train station before his flight. Confidence had terrible dreams and negative considerations about Goodman’s trip and doesn't need him to leave. Goodman answers, â€Å"My love and my Faith, of the entire evenings in the year, this one night must I hesitate away from thee. † This line was the best. I have never heard a superior method to tell a lady that I can not invest energy with her. This line will be utilized by me eventually in my life. I wonder how much better Goodman’s life would have been in the event that he would have tuned in to confidence. Goodman viewed Faith as his grapple to everything that is directly on the planet. Confidence, with her pink strips, is the thing that could right any of the wrongs that may transpire on his excursion. â€Å"After this one night I’ll stick to her skirts and follow her to heaven,† he lets himself know in the style of a quiet supplication, arguing to endure the night. I see this idea, of utilizing Faith as a petition, when he ruminates over the expression, â€Å"what quiet rest would be his that very night, which was to have been spent so fiendishly, yet so simply and pleasantly now, in the arms of Faith! In the midst of these wonderful and commendable reflections. † It appeared as though everybody from the town had a relationship with the villain. â€Å"I helped your granddad, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker lady so cleverly through the boulevards of Salem: and it was I that brought your dad a pitch pin hitch, aroused at my own hearth, to burn down an Indian town, in King Philip’s war,† said the fallen angel. One of the main snapshots of truth happened when Goodman saw Goody Cloyse addressing the fiend. Hawthorne depicts Goodman’s stun by having him rehash the expression, â€Å"That elderly person showed me my instruction. † Once you start out and about of conduct that causes you to lose your blamelessness, the simpler it becomes to go down that way. The villain stated, attempting to comfort Goodman, â€Å"You will reconsider this before long. † The second the Devil culled the maple branch and it wilted was a similitude of how malevolence ruins the blameless and a portrayal of what was coming up for Goodman’s life after that night. Goodman was stunned to the point that the very pioneers of his confidence, the Deacon, would wander out into the night to meet the man with the snake stick. At that point Goodman heard the call of distress and grasped the pink strip shouting out, â€Å"my Faith is gone,† was the finish of his attempting to withstand the fallen angel. He quit any pretense of expressing, â€Å"there is nothing but bad on earth; and sin is nevertheless a name. † In this snapshot of hopelessness he shouts to the fallen angel expressing, â€Å"Come, demon; for to thee is the world given. † When he believed he lost is grapple (Faith) to everything that was Holy and unadulterated to him he surrendered. In Goodman’s mind he had no other decision to follow the Devil and subsequent to being separated of that custom of inception and the devil’s lesson, there was no returning for him. Youthful Goodman Brown will always be bleak and pulled back. The most effective method to refer to Young Goodman Brown Analysis, Papers

Censorship Essays (642 words) - Anti-pornography Feminism

Restriction Sex, Erotica, naked ladies, three a few, these are a few watchwords for discovering sex entertainment on the web. The restriction of sex entertainment has a positive effect on the United States of America and is a beneficial thing in light of the fact that erotic entertainment prompts wrongdoing, sex entertainment has no positive effects on society, and controlling sex entertainment isn't against the constitution. Violations and sex entertainment have an immediate and clear connection. Eighty-one percent of lawbreakers rate sex entertainment as their most noteworthy sexual intrigue ( ). This implies the unmistakable larger part of crooks love erotic entertainment and discover it exceptionally intriguing, most others presumably rank other human creatures as their most elevated sexual intrigue. At the point when a grown-up book shop is shut the crime percentage in the encompassing zones falls fundamentally ( 188). Likewise It was discovered that kid molesters have a higher likelihood of attacking a bigger number of casualties what's more, all things considered, these guilty parties have some entrance to sex entertainment or erotica. ( 189). Over all wrongdoing and sex entertainment do have a connection among them and that makes blue penciling it a positive thought for America. Sex entertainment has no beneficial outcome on society. The American populace concurs that sex entertainment does not serve a real reason. Seventy-two percent of Americans need a type of take action against erotic entertainment. Likewise Ninety-two percent of Americans need a get serious about youngster erotic entertainment since it has no worth what's more, is appalling and illegal ( 179). Sex entertainment was found to have small recovering social incentive by creative measures and is near worth less ( 218). The controlling of erotic entertainment isn't against the United States Constitution. The motivation behind why erotic entertainment is excluded under the constitution is on the grounds that it was belittled by the United States Preeminent court in 1973 to be lustful and profane material ( 173). The principal alteration was expected to ensure political discourse in America not the discourse that incorporates the abusing of ladies and photography of ladies being assaulted ( 183). The establishing fathers didn't expect for their bill of rights to be abused in the manners that it is today they would have needed us to have a protected and serene society. That would be one that does exclude erotic entertainment. The restriction to the blue penciling of erotic entertainment will say that it is against the US Constitution, which it isn't. They will likewise say that it is blue penciling considerations and thoughts not activities. In conclusion they will state that in the event that you control one thing what is there to keep you controlling different things and that will prompt the breakdown of what America was based on opportunity. To start with, there are no real contentions against control the entirety of the contentions are planned to scare one into accepting the manner in which they do. The contention that the control of erotic entertainment is against the constitution is a bogus and incredible thought. The Supreme court ruled that it isn't against the constitution to control sex entertainment. The restriction of sex entertainment doesn't control thought and thoughts it doesn't express that one needs to not ever have a filthy idea or even that one can not talk about it to another person. What it means is that by blue penciling material distributed in the media structure we will be assurance our general public. Last is the most strange contention of all the on that says that on the off chance that you control one thing it will cause you to blue pencil an ever increasing number of things until the there is nothing left to blue pencil. The oversight of erotic entertainment has worked in numerous different nations before an it has not caused a gigantic increment in the blue penciling of different thoughts what it caused was a fall in crime percentages ( 174). The one thing the resistance neglected to demonstrate was what is erotic entertainment's sure effect on society. Taking everything into account the restriction of erotic entertainment doesn't have a drawback. It will diminish the crime percentage, it will make America a superior society, and will up hold what the establishing fathers need free political discourse not free discourse to watch kids getting assaulted. Recent developments Essays

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Diary - Assignment Example omic) and moral (social)- make the exchanges or streams which settle advertise detachments and result in return and consumption† (What is Marketing?). A talented labor can possibly bring the business up in the market however on the off chance that the expertise isn't adequate to persuade and convince the customer’s need then the business thinks that its hard to exceed expectations in the serious market. With the advances in innovation and improvement of relational abilities, promotions slants in business sectors are evolving. The great showcasing aptitude requires a profound comprehension for the way of thinking of the pattern and furthermore the customer’s prerequisite. Accordingly advertising idea incorporates the client centered way of thinking (What is promoting?). Cutting edge see is the sign of the great showcasing procedure. An effective business consistently gives a sharp knowledge to the customer’s direction and attempts to cover long scope of clients with profound and exhaustive understanding just as expectation of the prerequisites (What is advertising?). Appearance of computerization and globalization in the showcasing patterns is changing the viewpoints of the advertising. The world has come nearer regarding financial matters, accessibility of assets, accessibility of crude material and furthermore the completed items alongside the advancement of deals through promoting. This has raised the requests of the buyers and has given another contort in the promoting procedures. The world markets are associated through online worlds and are refreshed about the most recent patterns (Has the Definition of Marketing Changed?). This has demonstrated to give both, positive and negative ramifications on the clients. Each business endeavor to give supportive products to the client, to demonstrate its matchless quality and strength in the market they embrace distinctive showcasing systems alongside the sticker prices and different plans and offers that were not common before. Various organizations attempt various strategies to hold their clients. This changing situation is

Household Money Wasters

Household Money Wasters Household Money Wasters Household Money WastersNeed to come into some extra cash fast? Cutting down on these expenses can be a creative way to find yourself with money to spare.When it comes to cutting back, plenty of websites will tell you to buy generic products or turn off the lights if you aren’t using them, but there are plenty of other ways to save money you may never have heard before. From rainwater collecting to rethinking that pristine lawn, financial and budgeting experts alike put their minds to their best creative solutions for saving in their households.Skip the dryerHang drying isn’t just for those clothes unfit for the harshness of the dryer. If you opt to skip a dry cycle with your laundry, you will save on utility costs while   being kinder to your clothes. According to home care blog The Spruce, hang drying your clothes can save upwards of $200 a year on utilities. Also, the cost of a clothesline is minor compared to any dryer repairs or purchases you may need to make.Ditch Instant De livery ServicesSure, Amazon Prime can be a great way to save time (and sometimes money) when online ordering, but how many things have you purchased online that you didn’t really need? Or forgotten to cancel an ongoing subscription to an item you no longer use? Maybe you aren’t actually saving on those free shipping costs.“The ease of Amazon prime leads to compulsively ordering so much crap that you don’t need!” said personal finance blogger Dawn Holley. “Add in the transportation costs and packaging to ship one item at a time makes this an economical and environmental burden. I finally deleted the app from my phone and cancelled my membership. I spend less time on my phone, buy locally, and save a lot of money.”Business Insider has a great list of reasons why Amazon Prime might be a good fit for your household budget, but if you are compulsively shopping, or don’t use it or its other benefits enough to offset the nearly $120 annual membership cost, it might be worth reconsidering your relationship.Consolidating errandsThose weekly or biweekly grocery runs add up if you have to run back for the one thing you forgot to buy or didn’t put on the grocery list. Why not put your household lists together and tackle all the shopping at once? It will   save you time, energy, and gas costs by eliminating entirely separate trips later on.“Anytime I ran out of laundry detergent, or cat food, or simply needed a distraction, I would drive to Target or the grocery store,” Holley said. “I found I was going somewhere just about every day of the week. When I finally sat down and started tracking my finances and created a budget, I realized this was costing me hundreds of dollars a month! In gas and impulse purchases I didn’t need, food waste that we didn’t eat, and the opportunity cost of not making better use of my time.”Just like the old adage says: Don’t go grocery shopping hungry. Now the adage is: Don’t go shopping when you’re bored.Say goodbye to coffee podsNot only are coffee pods expensive, but their one-time usage is pretty terrible for the environment. Even the inventor of the single serve coffee pod was behind the “kill the K-cup” campaign online a few years ago. So, maybe it’s time to cut the single-use ties?Personal finance blogger Bethany McCamish, thought so when she got rid of the little plastic cups, despite how much she loved using her machine.“We used to have a Nespresso and it was really good coffee, but so wasteful and expensive,” she said. “Since we are coffee snobs, a normal coffee pot wouldn’t do. Instead we calculated how much it would cost to switch to an espresso machine. The upfront cost was high, but when we calculated the amount we spent a year on pods vs. beans, we saved so much money. The espresso machine still works amazingly and we get to have a cappuccino every morning.”If you aren’t an espresso fan or are deeply in love with your pod machine, there is another great a lternative: reusable pods.Reusable pods can be filled with your favorite coffee and used over and over again. Not only are they a great alternative to the wasteful single use pods, they’re also much more economically feasible. According to an article from blog Smart Family Money, K-cups are four to nine times the cost of ground coffee per cup.Even the difference between K-cups and ground coffee of the same brand   can be astronomical. So, if cutting costs is your game, cutting single-use coffee pods might be a good play.Learn to say “no”Being a parent is expensive enough, so what happens when your little one is old enough for extracurriculars and those activities include something like cookie or popcorn selling? By the time your littles are old enough to sell for themselves, it’s certain you’ve encountered more than a handful of other little ones doing the same thing. So how do you survive the selling seasons?Learn to say “no.”“One of the biggest wasters of money is not being able to say ‘no,’” says financial counselor Laura Coleman. “I came up with [a list of] 24 creative ways to say ‘no’ when someone asks for money, because we tend to feel guilt and a sense of obligation when someone asks us for money. Im truly a sucker for Girl Scout Cookies and my husband cant say ‘no’ to discount cards from the schools.”Coleman also gave another great tip to help enforce saying no: Go to the grocery store with your kiddos. You can certainly say “no” then, right?Looking for more quick household money-savings tips? Check out these articles below:Tips on Saving Money With Two WheelsEating Healthy Doesn’t Have to Break the BankCut the Coupons: How to Save Money on Groceries Without ThemSave Money by Saving Energy

Associates Degree in Cabinet Making

Associates Degree in Cabinet Making Associate Program Cabinet Making Courses A two-year associate's degree program typically focuses on the use of technology and computers in cabinet making in addition to the basics of construction and installation of cabinets in residential and commercial settings. Field experience using tools and working at job sites frequently accompanies classroom training. Related Articles CNC Programming Jobs CNC Programming Jobs What Is Interior Design? What Is Interior Design? Objective Statement for a Secretary Resume Objective Statement for a Secretary Resume To earn an associate's degree, you must successfully complete coursework directly related to the craft of cabinet making. Graduates may advance to the licensing or certification level or immediately apply for entry-level cabinet maker positions. The curriculum normally includes classes such as: Fundamentals of Building Construction Stationary and Hand Power Tools Engineering Graphics House Framing Introduction to Woodworking Building Codes Cabinet Making Basics Construction Estimating Business Math Mill Working Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) Router Programming Technical Drafting Carpentry Basics Structural Elements Educational Prerequisites Before entering an associate's program for cabinet making, you can prepare by taking relevant high school courses, including woodworking, algebra, and business. If you have access to a local vocational or trade school, sign up for classes in computer operations, drafting, and tool safety. Associate Degree Alternatives Some people consider a cabinet making apprenticeship or career diploma program before earning their associate's degree. The alternatives offer scheduling flexibility and may be more cost-effective. Apprenticeships An apprenticeship combines hands-on career experience with classroom education and usually takes five to seven years to complete. You'll master individual skills and and move on to other challenges, often as part of a program where you work alongside skilled professionals to learn construction procedures, hand and power tool skills, and woodworking techniques. Career Diploma Programs Online colleges as well as many trade and technical schools offer one-year programs in cabinet making, which you can complete before earning an associate's or bachelor's degree. The courses vary by school but may include: Reading Specifications and Drawings Material Selection Product Assembly and Manufacturing Vocational Math and Algebra Machinery and Methods Wood Finishing Techniques Machine and Tool Maintenance New Construction and Remodeling Millwork and Cabinet Making AutoCAD Techniques

Definition and Examples of Chicano English

The Sequoia And Kings Canyon National Parks - 1341 Words

The Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks are two of the most famous national parks in the Sierra Nevada Range. The Sierra Nevada range is located in California along the North American Plate. This range sits to the right of the San Andreas Fault and the Pacific Plate. Some referred to these parks as â€Å"The Land of Giants† which turns out to fit them quite well. The parks get this name due to the huge mountains, endless canyons and the world’s largest trees they are home for (â€Å"Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks,† USA Today). The Sequoia National Park was founded on September 25th, 1890, making it the second oldest park in the United States, and Kings Canyon National Park was established March 4th, 1940. The two parks are adjacent to one another and stretch over approximately 865,964 acres, which a little less than 97% is woods and wilderness. These are large tourist attractions and provide a treasured experience many people value greatly in their lives. The reason it is such a treasured experience to tourists is because of the many special aspects of the park that include the Giant Forest of Sequoias as well as Mount Whitney. Mount Whitney is known for having the highest peak south of Alaska at 14,494 feet above sea level (â€Å"Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks,† National Geographic). Due to the close proximity in region of these parks they have many geological features in common. One of these features is that they both have mountains that are part of the longestShow MoreRelatedPostag197v1 : Kings Canyon National Park1147 Words   |  5 PagesSequoia – Kings Canyon National Park is a national park located in California, United States. This park has a rich history to it with beautiful scenic view all around. In 1943 two side by side national parks titled Sequoia National Park and Kings Canyon National Park came on board together and began to be jointly administered. Since then this national park is know n as Sequoia – Kings Canyon National Park. The two neighboring parks are almost 66 miles long and 36 miles wide. Also, the park has anRead MoreThe Best Hiking Routes Of California On The United States Pacific Coast1291 Words   |  6 Pagesoutdoors. Some of the most beautiful nature on the continent is found in California, from jaw-dropping giant Sequoia trees, to snowcapped mountains and sunny beaches. California is the perfect place for a hike, and here are 12 routes that you simply must take while you’re there. 1. Eaton Canyon Trail: Pasadena For those who like a well-known family hike, head just north of Pasadena to the Eaton Canyon Trail. This 3.5 mile (5.6 km) moderate-intensity trail is fairly close to civilization, making it a moreRead MoreThe Impact Of Ansel Adams On The Conservation Movement4007 Words   |  17 Pages Assess the impact of Ansel Adams as an influential figure in the conservation movement Intro America’s National Parks are deeply indebted to the American photographer Ansel Adams. Through his masterful photography, he turned Yosemite National Park into an American icon. Ansel spent the majority of his life fighting for the National Parks through intense political activism. He was a key figure in conservation in the United States, beginning in a time when environmental conservation was a rare conceptRead MoreCanada s Have 47 Locations Of National Parks1950 Words   |  8 PagesCanada’s have 47 locations of national parks. The mostly Canada’s national parks are popular for mountains, ice and beautiful sceneries. ‘Banff National Park’ one of the popular national park in Canada, which located in Alberta. It is famous for coloured lake, mountain, outside adventure and beautiful sceneries. This park located in Canadian Rocky Mountains. (National Parks List, 2008) This park provide variety of visitor experience. There are so many tourist activities available for visitors likeRead MoreFresno County Of Fresno City1535 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"white-collar and blue-collar, families and singles, students and retirees, conservative and liberal† (The Tower District Marketing Committee). It is a destination where everyone is welcomed. In a period of 90 minutes, there are three national parks- Yosemite, Kings Canyon, and Sequoia likewise, less than four hours to travel to Sacramento and Los Angeles. Fresno is home for a diversity of people. It is known for agricultural richness and the warmth individuals project. In Fresno, the district schools provide

Persuasive Essay On Adoption - 1298 Words

Adoption is something which is widely known of yet not so widely done. Why I may hear you ask? Simply because people prefer to create their own offspring rather than get into the long process of dealing with and obtaining somebody else’s. For many people adopting doesn’t even come into the thought process when it comes to that point in their lives where they are thinking about and making the choice to have children. However, it can be found that having children creates quite a few more problems than it actually solves. Adopting rather than reproducing or indeed having a mixture of both could be increasingly beneficial to our world and its systems in many more ways than common thought can see. More children would be off the streets and in†¦show more content†¦However, we still have so many women having children when they are too young and in a place where they are unready to parent especially in their teens. In some places children are even forced to live on the streets and in 2004 it was estimated that across the world one hundred million children faced that struggle. In America alone between 2007 and 2010 the number of homeless children rose from one point two million to one point six million – a thirty-three percent increase. These numbers are devastating and show one of many reasons as to why adoption and fostering rates must increase. You’re probably thinking something along the lines of ‘these children are not my problem, the parents or family of the parents should deal with this’ which in its own right is a very true and reasonable thought – but these parents and their families are obviously not dealing with it and why should these helpless children suffer? Along with the dreadful lifestyle they would have to endure, they also have to battle feeling unwanted and unloved – something no person should be made to feel no matter who they are or what they have done. This is one of the things that lead to many children facing mental health issues, something that in recent years has increased massively in young people due to bullying or feelings of isolation. Today’s society is also among the reasons that we now see so many children with depression – 22% of whom, will at in one point during their livesShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Adoption804 Words   |  4 Pagesyears, they had talked about adopting a child and seriously considered it. Unfortunately, they never had enough money to pay the high adoption costs. It seemed like their dream family was further away than ever. Money, time and bad luck constantly held them back from their one dream in life. - Insert a picture of Aron and Rachel. The couple had investigated adoption, embryo implants and fertility treatments. Without thousands of dollars, they would never be able to use any of these options. AronRead MorePersuasive Essay On Adoption1358 Words   |  6 PagesAdoption is the legal process of accepting someone into your family formally, and taking on the legal responsibilities as parent of a child. Adopting a child or teen involves a judicial process where a person accepts a child into their life, creating a new relationship. Once the adoption is final, the adoptive parents have full responsibility of their child and the child is then part of their family. According to the U.S. Department of State, adoption has started becoming less popular in the UnitedRead MorePersuasive Essay On Adoption871 Words   |  4 PagesPreviously, I thought that adoption was easy. This course has taught me that it is not as simple as it seems, and there are many different issues that need to be considered. Adoption is an amazing gif t for couples who are unable to have children. There are many problems that couples face when they cannot conceive. It is heart-wrenching for couples who need to endure years of trying and hoping, only to see their efforts fail or end in miscarriages. Thankfully, there is a way for these childless couplesRead MorePersuasive Essay On Adoption1100 Words   |  5 PagesAdoption Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that persons biological or legal parent, and in so doing, permanently transfers all rights and responsibilities, from the biological parent or parents. Unlike guardianship adoption effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition. Adoption is a good process which helps children in different ways. I prefer to handle adoption worldwide and in all societiesRead MorePersuasive Essay About Adoption1324 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough, so the people are accountable for their harmful actions. There are many different facts about adoption. There are no returns on kids, once they are in the home they are in the home for good (Interactive, 2012). There are two methods for adoption private and public. Public adoption agencies get their funding’s from local, state, and federal sources; on the other hand private adoption agencies get their funding’s from the adoptive families. The family can either adopt domestic meaningRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gay Adoption1643 Words   |  7 Pagesguardians effect children negatively? Adoption is a lengthy process of legally accepting responsibilities of a non-biological child. While adoption is usually governed by laws that vary from state to state, but there are also federal regulations. These federal laws are set in place to provide clarity on who can and cannot adopt, parental rights, consent, the best interest of the adoptees, and the confidentiality of the adoption. Preceding the adoption process, applicants of every state must undergoRead MorePersuasive Essay About Gay Adoption1639 Words   |  7 PagesWhat do these words have in common? They don’t describe gay adoption. The common misconceptualization that gay people get to choose their sexuality is false, so why should parents who were born with a different sexuality be scorned for wanting to adopt? Most people agree with the statement that children deserve to live in a home with a loving family rather than be stuck in an orphanage until they’re old enough to live alone. Same sex adoption has success stories, studies, and statistics that back upRead MoreExamples Of Persuasive Speech On Adoption882 Words   |  4 Pagesand your spouse should look into adoption. Now at this point there some of you that would jump right into to the process of adoption, but there’s others who would have second thoughts, no interest, or fears of adopting a child. The reason being is you’ve probably heard misconceptions or heard horrible stories of adoption. Don’t worry everyone fears something in life, but giving an child another life to live shouldn’t be one. I’m going to convince you that the adoption process is a good, health, andRead MoreSummary OfCanadas Genocide By Michael Downey Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesMichael Downey’s essay, â€Å"Canada’s ‘Genocide’: Thousands Taken from Their Homes Need Help† (Downey 445-448), imparts a harrowing account of the hardships and trauma induced by the controversial child apprehensions, often referred to as the ‘Sixties Scoop.’ The essay opens with Downey’s heart-rending recount of Carla Williams’ story, detailing her fir st-hand experience as a subject of this abuse, who managed to survive and come out triumphant. This explicit topic introduction foreshadows and givesRead MoreThe Same Sex Marriage Should Be Equal Rights1393 Words   |  6 PagesAnother persuasive data is the constitutions which is based on the civil rights protection and ensure that each citizens has the right to participate in public social life. According to records, there are plenty of international civil rights declaration documents consider marriage and family as individuals or groups who are entitled to the protection of the government as human beings.† The US Supreme Court ruled by a 5-to-4 vote on Friday that constitution guarantees a right to homosexual marriage

Bipolar and Unipolar Disorder Essay - 1484 Words

People go through different moods all the time; however, when the moods become cycling or a person encounters depression that changes how he or she interacts with his or her daily activities, this person maybe dealing with bipolar or unipolar disorder. Even though these two disorders are similar, there are marked differences, different causes, and different treatment. Bipolar and Unipolar Disorder Bipolar and unipolar are two different disorders that affect millions of people; however, there are differences in between the two mood disorders. Bipolar is differentiated by two distinguishing phases of mania and depression, and the rapid cycling of these two phases is a key element of bipolar. (Jackson, 2010). Unipolar is a major†¦show more content†¦According to Comer (2003), â€Å"The symptoms, which often feed upon one another, span five areas of functioning, emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, and physical.† (Chapter 7, p. 195). People who suffer from these symptoms begin to have problems with just possessing the will power to arise out of bed each morning and go about their daily activities, and sometimes these symptoms can become so severe that a person may even begin to think of committing suicide. According to Comer (2003), â€Å"Between 5 and 10 percent of adults in the United States suffer from a severe unipolar pattern of depression in any g iven year, while another 3 to 5 percent suffer from mild forms† (Chapter 7, p. 194). However, unipolar disorder can be caused by different factors, one of them being a genetic factor. Factors of Unipolar Studies have shown that unipolar disorder can have a genetic basis. According to (Dombeck, 2010), â€Å"Among the general population, Major Depressive Disorder is 1.5 to 3 times more common among first-degree biological relatives of affected individuals than it is among other less related individuals.† (Genetics, para. 2). This is not saying that a person has â€Å"depression genes,† but that a person from a family with a parent or sibling that has unipolar disorder, has a higher tendency to have unipolar disorder. However, there also can be biochemical factors that can cause a person to have unipolar disorder, and outside factors, like stress, bring out thisShow MoreRelatedCauses, Symptoms, and Treatments of Unipolar and Bipolar Disorder936 Words   |  4 PagesCauses and 2 Unipolar and bipolar disorders are fairly common and they can have devastating effects to an individual. There has been much study and documentation on these disorders. This paper will review the causes of both unipolar and bipolar disorders. The symptoms of both of these disorders will be highlighted and discussed. Treatment options will be reviewed that are available to individuals who find that they are suffering from these disorders. Unipolar disorder is characterized by an individualRead MoreMajor Depressive Disorder ( Unipolar Depression ) And Bipolar Depression2296 Words   |  10 Pagesdiagnosis of both Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar depression) and Bipolar Depression can be made on the basis of characteristics of a Major Depressive Episode (MDE). That is, can an MDE in patients with Major Depressive Disorder be differentiated from a MDE in patients with Bipolar Disorder? Firstly, the extremes in mood, Major Depressive Episode and mania/hypomania will be defined and it will be explained how they contribute to a diagnosis of MDD or Bipolar Disorder based on the diagnostic criteriaRead More The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Versus Unipolar Depression2471 Words   |  10 PagesDiagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Versus Unipolar Depression Bipolar disorder is a serious mental disorder, but unfortunately our collective knowledge of this mental illness is not extensive. Unlike depression, where patients are strictly sullen and deeply blue, the bipolar patient experiences that same depression only flanked by extreme highs—a hyperactivity and increase in serotonin. It is this inconsistency in mood—a clinical mood swinging, that makes bipolar disorder so difficult to diagnoseRead MoreAbnormal Psychology-Unipolar and Bipolar Depression Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesAbnormal Psychology | Unipolar and Bipolar Depression | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Shawn M Best 10/16/2011 | Identifying the causes of unipolar and bipolar depression can be a complicated task because there are no known exact causes, just theories. These theories include chemical and hormonal imbalances within the brain, a misfiring of ion activity, and inherited genetics or biological abnormalities (Comer, 2005). Individuals who suffer with unipolar depression, which isRead MoreThe Anxiety Of Depression And Depression1457 Words   |  6 Pagesto be mood disorders such as depression or mania (Comer, 2011, p. 193). Depression is a sad, low state where life seems dark and overwhelming (Comer, 2011, p. 193). Mania is a state of frenzied energy or breathless euphoria where a person may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking (Comer, 2011, p. 193). Mania and depression are the two key emotions in mood disorders and most people who have one usually only suffer from depression, which is called unipolar depression (ComerRead MoreDepression Paper1107 Words   |  5 Pagesdepression is a mental illness that that can prohibit normal daily functioning. In this assignment I will examine two forms of clinical depression, unipolar, and bipolar depression. Depression can be so debilitating that it can cause a person to become suicidal. This depression is termed Unipolar. According to The American Psychiatric Association’s DSM, Unipolar depression is described as a significant depressed period that lasts more than two weeks. During this period an individual exhibits a minimumRead More Bipolar Disorder versus Unpolar Disorder Essay501 Words   |  3 Pages Bipolar disorder is a medical condition that is characterized by severe changes in mood. These mood swings can be so dramatic that a person may lose their ability to function. The issue of genetic linkage to bipolar disorder is being investigated by several researchers. Some research done has concluded that chromosome 18q, the monoamine oxidase a gene, and the serotonin transporter, all have a link to bipolar patients. The studies have been made on a large variety of different ethnic groupsRead MoreThe Cultural Aspects Of Bipolar Disorder1586 Words   |  7 PagesInt roduction Bipolar disorder like most mental disorders does not discriminate by culture. This research papers primary goal is educate on the cultural difference or similarities in how bipolar disorder manifests itself. The secondary goal of this paper is to establish a generalized understanding of bipolar disorder as to supplement the primary goal. This will all be done in a systematic manner to ensure that every major topic is examined to the full extent and all the topics of interests are coveredRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders1249 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder, also known as manic/depressive disorder once was a disorder that carried a severe societal stigmatism. It now has carries less stigmatism but is a disorder which has become difficult to diagnosis and extremely prevalent in today’s society. Due to the manic characteristic of the disorder it differentiates itself from the typical form of depression. Even though both depression and bipolar disorder can be du e to an imbalance in brain chemistry and biology, genetics, or effected byRead MoreDifferences Between Disorders1129 Words   |  5 Pages1. Distinguish between bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, dysthymic disorder, and cyclothymic disorder using DSM-5 criteria. (485) Before answering the question let’s see what each term means. Bipolar disorder is a disorder that is marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression (Comer, 2013, pp.224). Unipolar depression is depression without history of mania (Comer, 2013, pp.224). Dysthymic disorder are mood disorder that are similar to but not as long lasting and less disabling

William Faulkner’s “Barn Burning” It’s Socio-Economic Levels Free Essays

Johany Hernandez Professor Gray ENC 1102 October 12, 2011 Life’s Own Food Chain William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† depicts socio-economic levels of the post Civil War rural South. Social class and economic worth is a major theme throughout the story. It displays a hierarchy of different financial level that is used to portray different socio-economic standpoints among groups. We will write a custom essay sample on William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† It’s Socio-Economic Levels or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the very bottom of the social structure are Sarty and his family. On the following level, there is the de Spain’s Negro servant. Afterwards, is Mr. Harris. At the top of the ladder are Major de Spain and his wife, Lula de Spain. All of these characters represent the differences among the socio-economic groups, and how they intertwine with each other in the community. At the bottom of the rank are Sarty and his family. They are farmers who work on others’ plantations because they cannot afford to have their own. They are definitely an uneducated group of individuals. This can be seen when Sarty is speaking: ‘He won’t git no ten bushels neither. He won’t git one. ’ Another good example would be their clothing. Sarty’s sisters are â€Å"†¦in a flutter of cheap ribbons. The family’s clothes consist of â€Å"an incredible expanse of pale clothes and a flutter of tawdry ribbons. † Moreover, Abner Snopes is depicted as someone who does not desire change, even for the betterment of his family. The father walks â€Å"stiffly from where a Confederate provost’s man’s musket ball had taken him in the heel on a stolen horse thirty years ago. â₠¬  He also seems to wear the same black coat constantly. Above Sarty in the hierarchy structure is the de Spain’s servant. The Negro is being described as â€Å"†¦an old man with neat grizzled hair, in a linen jacket. His living in the de Spain’s mansion shows that he is of higher status than the Snopes family. He lives very comfortably in the manor. The fact that he is wearing a linen jacket illustrates that he is exceptionally well taken care of. Though still a servant, he is presumably higher in the hierarchy of the social ladder. The servant is still very well underneath the hierarchy because he is uneducated. He speaks similarly to the Snopes. An instance is: ‘Wipe yo foots, white man, fo you come in here. Major ain’t home nohow. ’ The next character, who is placed above the servant, is Mr. Harris. Though not much is said about who he is, the story portrays him as a landowner. The Snopes’ worked on his farm for a short-term period, which eventually ended in his barn burning. With the bit of information on Mr. Harris, it can be said that he is almost certainly above middle-class. Mr. Harris says ‘The next time I put the hog in my pen. When he came to get it I gave him enough wire to patch up his pen. ’ Examples are that he owns a farm, and a cornfield. Also, that he is able to employ Mr. Snopes and his family as tenant farmers to work on his land. At the top of the hierarchy is a very rich man, Major de Spain and his wife, Lula de Spain. It is very apparent that they are more than wealthy by the description of the home’s surroundings. â€Å"†¦the grove of oak trees and cedars and the other flowering trees and shrubs where the house would be, though not the house yet. They walked beside a fence massed with honeysuckle and Cherokee roses and came to a gate swinging open to between two brick pillars†¦ he saw the house†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also, the home itself was grand and white. Sarty thinks ‘Hit’s big as a courthouse. ’ Inside the house, even Sarty is flabbergasted by how beautiful it is. The narrator describes it as â€Å"†¦deluged as though by a warm wave by a suave turn of carpeted stair and a pendant glitter of chandeliers and a mute gleam of gold frames†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A very important example of social reign is that Mr. and Mrs. De Spain speak grammatically correct. This alone shows more class as opposed to Sarty and the servant. Throughout the story, the socio-economic classes clash against one another because of social troubles, or economic harms. Sarty and his family, who portrays the lowest of the low show how their family live day by day without reassurance of the future. The servant–clean cut and more well-mannered than the Snopes’, serves the de Spains’, and ultimately somewhat bathes a bit in their riches. Mr. Harris, a minor character, yet the obvious next personality in the hierarchy, is a stable, above middle-class man who though does not own a mansion, is very well off. This now leaves Mr. and Mrs. De Spain, the ones who are not only rich, but exceed the social class norms among the other characters. They are at the top of the food chain—rich, intelligent and very powerful. The lives of these characters help understand the inner-workings of society and its inhabitants. How to cite William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† It’s Socio-Economic Levels, Papers

Social Identity in the Breakfast Club Essay Example For Students

Social Identity in the Breakfast Club Essay Breakfast Club film contained a wide variety of behavior and stereotypes. Each person had their on personality and taste at the beginning of the film. I believe that communication played the biggest part in the movie. It shows the way that people from totally different backgrounds can communicate and even agree on issues. The various types of communication and behaviors within the film will be discussed. Key terms will be pointed out and highlighted, as well as described in relation to the examples extracted from the film. To begin with the film started out with a communication climate that was both tense and without verbal communication. This was mainly due to the variance in membership constructs of the characters involved. The characters included the brain Brian, Andrew the athlete, the criminal Bender, the princess Claire, and the basket case Allison. There was a great deal of interesting nonverbal communication taking place between these people. Their reactions and responses to each other demonstrated perceptual errors, which would be shown as the story progressed. The gender conflict styles also played a role. The girls both tended to listen, rather than hold the attention of the others. This was especially true in Allisons case, whom never spoke. Allison was introduced in the movie as the basket case. Allison showed that she was obviously insecure, seating herself facing away from the rest of the room (avoidance). She would not speak out. She was non-assertive, when asked what she wanted she would not respond (impervious response). She would only sit and smile to herself. You could categorize her in to the passive aggressive label perfectly. She didnt like herself (low self-esteem), or others. She was both futile and helpless. The only way she displayed her anger was by giving a whimper. She obviously had a lot of pent up feeling, for she reveals a lot later in the movie through self-disclosure. Allison obviously lacked the respect of others, for she had no friends whatsoever prior to her time spent in this detention. She also has nervous ticks, such chewing her nails, and played with her hair. Brian was another case of insecurity. The influence of self-concept was strong with Brian Johnson for he had no sense of self. He could not meet the standards of his desired self and was therefore unhappy with himself as a person. He quivered at the non-verbal communication projected by Benders glare. Brian used passive aggression and was non-assertive. An example of these is where Bender starts acting up. Brian said weakly I think we should just do our papers. Any suggestion Brian made throughout the movie was met by disconfirming responses such as verbal abuse, impervious responses, or interruptions. Claire was the Prom Princess, she had a high self esteem, and was assertive. As well she was highly emotional throughout the film. An example of her emotional language was her straightforward statement to Bender I hate you This was after he had broken a promise not to laugh at her. Claire also had the habit of using the defense mechanism of compensation. She made up for her lack of general skills and abilities by turning the discussion to how popular and rich she was. Andrew was the jock. He was an athlete who was assertive, confident, and had high self-esteem. His problem was that he couldnt think for himself, and was in that way passive. He showed aggressive behavior when Bender acted as if he was going to urinate on the floor. Andrew turned and said you whip it out your dead before the first drop hits, the floor. Two hits, me hitting you, you hitting the floor. He again demonstrated direct aggression later on in the movie during another conflict with Bender. He said, If we werent in school Id waste you. .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 , .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 .postImageUrl , .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 , .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102:hover , .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102:visited , .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102:active { border:0!important; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102:active , .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102 .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0fe276e955b9fd1dce141cc352ed1102:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Most Dangerous Game Essay Andrew had made a perception error. He saw Bender as a bum. He said to Bender Only weed burners smoke dope, which classified Bender as a drug using bum. Andrew was ignorant to the fact that Bender had any feelings, as if drug users didnt have any. Later on Andrew revealed his ability to be empathetic. He showed empathy when he .

Maxwells 21 Irrefutable laws of leadership

Introduction Progress in engineering and technology is determined by how every activity is conducted. As such, leadership and management play an important role.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Maxwell’s 21 Irrefutable laws of leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, John C. Maxwell terms the relationship as Maxwell’s 21 Irrefutable laws of leadership. In engineering the vertical bar, according to the T-Shaped Professional, concept represents the intensive skills in designing and developing technology and machines. Again, the vertical bar encompasses the ability of the leaders to solve problems through a wide array of leadership and technical skills, which ensure successful operation of the equipment and machines. A variety of equipment and machine mechanical engineers make are the surgical instruments, elevators and air-conditioning equipment. They increase their competency and follow the trend through analysis of the feasibility and performance of the machines and equipment through research and development. Therefore, engineering consists of a combination of disciples from various schools of thoughts. It includes management, technology, communication, science and mathematics. The relationship with other disciplines enables one to find solutions in the engineering sectors, the banking sector and in social aspects, which enhance communication. In addition, Leadership and empowerment have been an increasingly critical organizational competency that has elicited growing global concern from organizations amid various circumstances that are great obstacles. Leadership and empowerment are an extensive process that involves enhancement systematic change in the light of basic changes in the organization’s overall attitude, traits, contingency perspectives and behaviors (Maxwell, 2007). The mode of carrying out commercial activities, traditional exchange, communica tion, and increasing growth has evolved in light of irrefutable leadership laws that call for influence, respect, intuition and empowerment. Today the trend shows critical concern in corporate activities with deep focus on time, teamwork and mission for guaranteed quality productivity in the overall organization. Therefore, people from various backgrounds, character, behavior, and cultures, are involved together in one platform as employeesAdvertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also requires one to include information technology skills as well as analytical skills that will facilitate convenience in innovative approaches. Notwithstanding, the ability to plan and arrange the tasks in order of importance is essential in completing the complex tasks that mostly have deadlines while working under immense pressure. Incorporation of engineering and knowledge from other disciples ensures the ability to ensure careful analysis of detailed information. The ability to have competence in judging and accepting responsibility in completing tasks is essential. Ultimately, the ability to communicate with other team members within one discipline and in working situations with other workers in the same department is necessary to complete the tasks. Continuous progress in engineering through leadership The horizontal context of the T-Shaped Professional concept in engineering and technology collaborates different disciplines with specialist areas of application in the industry. In essence, they have to lead and manage the operation of organization activities. Again, installation of the equipment, machines and maintenance fall within the horizontal context. Securing mechanical engineering skills require various personal characteristics and skills, like creativity, problem solving and strong communication skills. Such traits will increase innovation and test of new desi gns. Other skills that contribute to the engineers’ development may include correspondence with management and patent office staff together with the aforementioned creativity and communication skills. They are fundamental for attaining competency as an engineer. The Automobile and aeronautics engineers need mechanical engineering skills. To be a productive engineer in these fields involves being disciplined in assembling and troubleshooting exhaust systems. The manufacturing industry incorporates engineering concept in the creation of industrial machinery with an ergonomic design that ensures the safety. The question if there is a distinction between management and leadership has elicited many arguments that developed into theories. The duties and responsibilities revealed the main differences and in part they play and the influence in business operations. GWS Motorsport leadership is outgoing by embracing the law of magnetism. As such, the management built diverse relationsh ip with other motor companies like Allan’s True Blue Motorsport at the Bathurst in an effort to provide capability support. Leaders who have succeeded in technological advancement have embraced the law of intrusion and responded to innovation and creativity according to their perception. Creative strategy is a fundamental approach in gaining market share and successes in business. The distinction between breadth of reference and depth of attention recollections is connected to the lateral and vertical accepted wisdom.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Maxwell’s 21 Irrefutable laws of leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The contrast also is evidenced in divergent and convergent inventiveness. The industrious dilettante dichotomy is embedded in creativity strategy theory. Creativity calls for mental brainstorming and critical thinking in such a way as to bring cross-fertilization of ideas when operating across a set of connections of enterprises. Further, a creative capacity to flexibly apply creative thinking between engineering needs and technological solutions is perhaps the building of a new generation idea. The leaders are mostly concerned with the administration of the company activities. They are concerned with maintenance of company resources and facilitation to emergency reactions. Again, the managers concentrate on the system and the structure of the company. The leaders have an innovative mind that focuses on the development of the company. For instance, Samsung Electronics confirmed with its customer and loyal consumers that it has significantly contributed to the integration of a global world through the provision of electronic products. The company prides in the facilitation of a brighter or more advanced services in electronics, the unbelievable 3D TV, popularly referred to as the ‘toy’. Samsung has diversified its marketing with products ranging from the 9000 series, 3D TV without glasses. The leaders are development oriented to drive the company into the next level. Notwithstanding, the leaders are more concerned with the people and company activities that involve people. Ultimately, it is significant to note that various authors have concluded that mangers fall into the current status quo of the company while leaders face the challenge to the next level. The critical quest if leaders can motivate, build, empower and rejuvenate morale, of employees and people has evoked critically extensive and intensive research to convince the corporate world. Such talent, functions, ability and skills rests on the shoulders of the leaders. It is imperative to understand the perceptions and ideas following outstanding leadership and move forwards to advance leadership ability. Conclusion The need for progress in industrial technology and engineering is reflected in John Maxwell’s book Maxwell’s 21 Irrefutable laws o f leadership. Leadership and empowerment are an extensive process that involves enhancement systematic change in the light of basic changes in the organization’s overall attitude, traits, contingency perspectives and behaviors. More concentration is going to be given to the industry sector specialist’s business leaders in a specific industry to shape the development of the business in improving the industry. Leaders have the responsibility to provide particular competency, and encourage formation of overall teamwork industry analysts to achieve technological development.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Maxwell, C. J. (2007). Maxwell’s 21 Irrefutable laws of leadership. Web. This case study on Maxwell’s 21 Irrefutable laws of leadership was written and submitted by user Blakely Bean to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample Essay - When to Use Them

Sample Essay - When to Use ThemMany students have realized the value of sample essays in the grade books. There are many good reasons why you should give a sample to your students.First, it will help your students to analyze their own essays if you give them a sample. It helps them to evaluate the topic and style of your writing. You can make changes and improve the essay as they are writing it.Second, when you give them a sample, you will have a means to give them a starting point to write an essay. It gives them an idea of what to expect and you also tell them the basics of how to write. This may help them to be prepared before they go to class and work on their own essay. It will also provide a basic outline of what the grade book will look like and whether it is going to be filled with problems or not.Third, it will help your students to have a copy of your MLA so that they can refer to it. Some people who do not use sample essays may create a better study guide if they have one. You can get a copy of it from your professor or a friend who uses it.Fourth, if you do not write a sample, you may end up being too critical about what you do not like in a student's essay. Students who do not use sample essays often tend to be judgmental. If you do not write one, you will be more likely to criticize their essays. I think it is a bad habit to begin with.Fifth, it is good to have a copy of your MLA so that you can refer to it when you are grading your students' essays. In fact, I often refer to mine for each assignment.If you think that having a sample essay is more beneficial, then I am sorry to say that you should not write one. If you have the time, it would be a good idea to do so.

Sketch a man in hideous colours

Sketch a man in hideous colours, and you easily set the world against him. The smear campaign tactic summarized in this quotation has been used throughout history, but rarely has it been applied so thoroughly and lastingly as it has been to destroy the life and reputation of Richard III, King of England 1483 1485. To this day, Richard is regarded by most as an horrific monster, a hunchbacked coward who had his two nephews cruelly murdered so that he could usurp the throne. Rarely has this story of Richard been questioned, and yet, when one does examine the fabric of it, one finds that it is badly patched over, with huge, gaping holes that cannot be missed. Keeping in mind that history is recorded by the winners, one must ask, Who told the story? Who profited from its telling? How can we account for the patches on it and holes in it? Answers to questions about the motive behind and profit from sketching Richard in hideous colours are to be found in the perso! n of Henry Tudor, the historical winner of the Throne of England, having defeated and killed Richard in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth, thus becoming Henry VII, king of England, and established the Tudor dynasty. First, let us consider the source from which all later versions of the Richard the Terrible tales are derived: Sir Thomas More's History of Richard III, written expressly for none other than Henry VII. It is the most commonly read and most vehemently believed source of Richards life and reign. This is most unfortunate, because it is one of the most error-filled pieces of hearsay ever written, and may be good literature, [but] can scarcely be called history. The fact that it erroneously paints Richard so horribly may be to steer thoughts away from Henrys own guilt in the matter, or from the guilt of the men who helped him obtain his throne. The more this subject is studied...

Watt Surname Meaning and Origin

Watt Surname Meaning and Origin The Watt  surname derives from early forms of the personal name Walter. The popular Middle English given names Wat and Watt were pet forms of the name Walter, meaning powerful ruler or ruler of the army, from the elements wald, meaning rule, and heri, meaning army. Watt is the 80th most common surname in Scotland. Surname Origin:  Scottish,  English Alternate Surname Spellings: WATTS,  WATTE,  WATTIS, WATS  See also WATSON. Where Do People with the Watt Surname Live According to WorldNames PublicProfiler, the last name Watts is most common in Wales, especially Pembrokeshire, as well as Somerset, Gloucester, and Northampton counties in England. The Watt spelling (without the s) is much more common in Scotland, as well as County Tyrone in Northern Ireland. Both names are also popular in Australia and New Zealand. Interestingly, the Watt spelling is more common in the Canada, while Watts is found more frequently in the United States. Surname distribution data from Forebears also puts Watt as most frequently found in Scotland. In 1881 the name was most commonly found in Banffshire where it ranked 5th, as well as East Lothian (#11), Aberdeenshire (#20) and  Kincardineshire (#21). In contrast, the Watts surname is more common in Wales (#128), England (#139), Australia (#151), New Zealand (#252) and the United States (#323) than it is in Scotland, where it ranks 692nd most common. Famous People with the Watt Surname James Watt - Inventor of the modern steam engine- NFL football playerAndrà © Watts - German pianistCharlie Watts - English drummer, best known for being part of the  famed rock n roll group The Rolling StonesReggie Watts - German-born musical comedianIsaac Watts -  English Christian minister, hymn writer and theologian; author of the Christmas hymn Joy to the World Genealogy Resources for the Surname Watt 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Watt/Watts/Watson Family Reconstruction ProjectOver 150 group members belong to this Y-DNA surname project, working together to combine DNA testing with traditional genealogy research to sort out Watt, Watts and Watson ancestral lines. Watt Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Watt family crest or coat of arms for the Watson surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   WATT Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Watt surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Watt query. FamilySearch - WATT GenealogyAccess over 8 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Watt surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. WATT Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Watt surname. You can also browse or search the list archives to explore previous postings for the Watt surname. DistantCousin.com - WATT Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Watt. The Watt Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Watt from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Wynn Las Vegas Environmental Analysis Assignment

Wynn Las Vegas Environmental Analysis - Assignment Example Growing number of visitors provides an opportunity to Wynn Las Vegas. For example, they can offer more creative, luxurious, economical and mesmerizing hospitality services to the potential clients for Wynn Resorts. For example, they can offer additional concession or attached offer if a new client first time avails and enjoys the hospitality services in the Resort. Switch, Las Vegas-based technology firm, plans to create more jobs in Las Vegas by bringing more technological investment to Las Vegas (Komenda, 2015). This increase would directly benefit to hospitality firms, such as Wynn Resorts, as the availability of the latest technology will enable them to access more customer data and that data can be further processed for churning out the customer trends which can be used to increase the frequency of customers by looking into their tastes, choices and expectations from the firms operating in the hospitality industry. Technology offers faster and greater access to information. For example, faster and greater access to information will enable the potential customers to choose the most economical offer and rate. And this could lead to decrease in occupancy ratio. Nightlife has become a modern trend in Las Vegas. It has become a common habit of residents and visitors to enjoy nightlife in Las Vegas as many entertainment places are open throughout night. And this trend has become a cultural part of Las Vegas. Wynn Resorts should avail this new trend of nightlife structure by providing attractive entertainment services and offers to the current and potential customers. For example, double offer can be provided in which availing and paying for one service would bring access to the attached service with that purchase. Through this double offer, Wynn can increase its occupancy ratio and can attract more clients. Porter’s five forces model is consisted of threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, suppliers,

Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Financial management - Essay Example This is due to the credit extended in the first month of the operations. Moreover, the credit should equal to CBM has performed extremely well during the course of 9-months. Their cash collecting policy has worked well in generating enough cash for the following months. The cash collected has been incremental due to rising revenues. The company has low uncertainty in its revenue stream which locates them in a good position to finance their fixed assets requirement at appropriate time of the year. (Gitman, 2007) The minimum cash policy at the end of the month has served them well in making payments on time. On average they have surpassed their minimum cash requirement by a substantial margin which is a positive sign for any credit lending firm. The only month which has brought up concerns due to operational activities is April where the company had a cash deficit of $7,500. (Horngren, 2008) Other than April, the company has been in a cash deficit in June which was primarily because of investment in plant and income tax payment which totaled to $150,000. These expenses occur once or twice a year therefore; it is understandable to have a cash deficit for that month. Other than these abnormal payments, the company has fixed payments totaling to $60,000 which encompasses salaries, lease and miscellaneous costs (Brigham & Houston, 2009). Over the 9 months, they have been successful in making the fixed payments as well as the variable payments effectively. As a bank manager, I would like CBM to be my client for three reasons. Firstly, keeping in view their cash budget, the company has been experiencing growth in their revenues during the entire course. This creates positive sentiments about the company and one can project its prospective future. Moreover, growth in revenue could also indicate growing market share and increase in power over price. (Proctor, 2009) Secondly, their cash collection policy has been stringent. They have collected

In Defense of the Original Ending of Great Expectations Essay example -

In Defense of the Original Ending of Great Expectations    Many critics prefer the original ending to the revised version because it is the ending that Dickens himself decided to write without consulting anyone. Many people believe that since Bulwer-Lytton gave Dickens input on the second ending that it is not as true. Although Dickens may have inadvertently been plagiarizing, the original ending is the way that Dickens felt the novel should end, as opposed to the way Bulwer-Lytton felt it should end.    Another reason that the original is preferable is because it seems to flow better with the overall themes of the novel. One of these themes is how people expectations differ from reality. Pip's expectations never seem to be what he thinks they are. He does not inherit money from Miss Havisham, it is really from Magwitch. In this sense, the fact that Estella has remarried to someone other than Pip is just another case of such luck. Although he had always hoped to someday be with her, it will never happen and this ending closes that possibility forever. However, the revised ending leaves the possibilities open. Because of this, Dickens' text loses one of it's major themes. Since Pip and Estella may be together in the future, Pip's mistaken perceptions lose their point. Dickens was using Pip's mistakes as a way to show that people should not expect things from other people, which is what Pip does throughout the novel. He expects money from Miss Havisham, Estella to fall in l ove with him, and his life to be easy. However, life does not work that way, and in the original ending Dickens does not let fictional life work that way either. Most of the problems that Pip finds himself in are the results of hi... ...s loss, but the novel ends on an acknowledgment of the possibilities the future holds for Pip's redemption. However, such a theme also gives rise to a theme of separation. By this point in the novel, Pip had already lost touch with everything that was important to him as a young man. He had grown in a different direction than Joe and Biddy. He could never be with Estella, although the revised ending attempts to have them together. In this sense, Pip is completely cut off from everything that once gave him solace. His only hope for redemption lies in the hands of little Pip. If little Pip can "grow up a much better man than I (Pip) did" (435; ch. 58), then hopefully little Pip will not have to suffer as the older Pip has. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. Ed. Janice Carlisle. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1996. 440-441.    In Defense of the Original Ending of Great Expectations Essay example - In Defense of the Original Ending of Great Expectations    Many critics prefer the original ending to the revised version because it is the ending that Dickens himself decided to write without consulting anyone. Many people believe that since Bulwer-Lytton gave Dickens input on the second ending that it is not as true. Although Dickens may have inadvertently been plagiarizing, the original ending is the way that Dickens felt the novel should end, as opposed to the way Bulwer-Lytton felt it should end.    Another reason that the original is preferable is because it seems to flow better with the overall themes of the novel. One of these themes is how people expectations differ from reality. Pip's expectations never seem to be what he thinks they are. He does not inherit money from Miss Havisham, it is really from Magwitch. In this sense, the fact that Estella has remarried to someone other than Pip is just another case of such luck. Although he had always hoped to someday be with her, it will never happen and this ending closes that possibility forever. However, the revised ending leaves the possibilities open. Because of this, Dickens' text loses one of it's major themes. Since Pip and Estella may be together in the future, Pip's mistaken perceptions lose their point. Dickens was using Pip's mistakes as a way to show that people should not expect things from other people, which is what Pip does throughout the novel. He expects money from Miss Havisham, Estella to fall in l ove with him, and his life to be easy. However, life does not work that way, and in the original ending Dickens does not let fictional life work that way either. Most of the problems that Pip finds himself in are the results of hi... ...s loss, but the novel ends on an acknowledgment of the possibilities the future holds for Pip's redemption. However, such a theme also gives rise to a theme of separation. By this point in the novel, Pip had already lost touch with everything that was important to him as a young man. He had grown in a different direction than Joe and Biddy. He could never be with Estella, although the revised ending attempts to have them together. In this sense, Pip is completely cut off from everything that once gave him solace. His only hope for redemption lies in the hands of little Pip. If little Pip can "grow up a much better man than I (Pip) did" (435; ch. 58), then hopefully little Pip will not have to suffer as the older Pip has. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. Ed. Janice Carlisle. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1996. 440-441.   

Social Security Coverage- Tanzania

SOCIAL SECURITY POLICY – GLOSSARY . ILO Minimum Standards. International Labour Organisation set an instrument which was adopted at its 35th session in June 1952, popularly known as ‘Social Security (minimum Standards) Convention No. 102. Itemised number of contingencies and benefits required in the minimum standards convention include’ Old Age, Invalidity, Survivorship, Employment Injury, maternity, medical Care, sickness, Unemployment and Death. Indexation of Benefits: It is an adjustment of pensions and other cash benefits to take account of price movements and protection against inflation to the beneficiaries.Indexes may include prevailing statutory minimum wages, yearly average earnings of the contributors e. t. c. Portability of Benefits: This is a system which ensures that members accrued benefits are not lost by a member changing employer, changing employment from one sector to another or by migrating from one country to another. The system ensures continu ity of benefit rights accrued. Means-tested Basis: It is the basis of provision and adjustment of social assistance benefits by the government depending on a person’s means of living.The most considered group of people for the provision of social assistance benefits by meanstesting include, elderly, sick, invalids (disabled), survivors, unemployed. Normally these groups of people fall out of contributory schemes. In other words assistance is provided to citizens according to their inability to meet basic needs for survival, or defending themselves against natural calamities. Three- Tier System: According to ILO framework, Three Tier system is an arrangement/system designed to cater for different needs of protection for different categories of people depending on their level of incomes.Tier one, which is financed by the government, caters for those who are not able to purchase social security services e. g. sick, disabled, elderly e. t. c. Tier two caters for those who can con tribute and is compulsory and supervised by the government. Tier three caters for those who can afford to supplement their Tier two security by purchasing commercial insurance benefits. Tier three is voluntary and privately managed. Three-Tier system is designed to reduce the government expenditure on social assistance/security programs through expansion of coverage of Tier Two and Three. . 3. 4. 5. iii 6. Actuarial Valuation: It is the process which involves assessing the current level of funding of the scheme by comparing scheme assets with liabilities accrued to the date of valuation and to determine the level of contributions that need to be paid in future to achieve the level of funding necessary to pay out the benefits promised. Actuarial reviews are conducted in intermediate periods to ensure that the fund is sustainable and this is reflected in the projections are of a long time frame e. . 25 years. 7. Social Insurance Principles: Is a social security administration where th e resources are pooled together for meeting various contingencies, every one is included regardless of the level or risk exposure and the motive is social protection as opposed to profit maximization. Defined Contribution v/s Defined Benefits: Defined contribution is a situation where benefits from a social security is not known, but depends on the contributions to be made and interests rates obtainable.Defined benefits is a situation where benefits to be obtained are known well in advance regardless of the contributions to be made, provided that the members meets prescribed minimum conditions. Defined contributions are associated with provident fund schemes, while defined benefits are associated with social insurance schemes. 8. iv FOREWORD The socio-economic and political changes, which are taking place in Tanzania, have prompted the formulation of the National Social Security Policy in order to address such changes for the benefit of its citizens and to ensure that sectoral progr ammes and activities are well coordinated.The formulation of the National Social Security Policy came at a time when Social Security Providers are reorganizing their activities to respond to the market demand as related to free market economy. Since independence to-date, some few institutions have been enjoying monopolistic status of providing social security services in the country. However under this policy social security sector will be liberalized. The National Social Security policy is a product of a series of consultations with stakeholders which started in year 2001. The policy was adopted by the government early in year 2003.The aim of this policy is to realize the goals and objectives set out in the vision 2025 by extending social security services to the majority of the Tanzanians. The structure of the Policy document provides background information of social security, status and challenges of the sector in Tanzania, and the rationale for its formulation. There are also ch apters that provide policy issues and statements, institutional frame- work and responsibilities during its implementation. With great pleasure I would like to welcome the social security policy for the development of our country. Hon. Prof. J. A.Kapuya (MP) Minister for Labour, Youth Development and Sports v CHAPTER 1 1. 0 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Background Every human being is vulnerable to risks and uncertainties with respect to income as a means of life sustenance. To contain these risks, everyone needs some form of social security guaranteed by the family, community and the society as a whole. Such socioeconomic risks and uncertainties in human life form the basis for the need of social security. Social security is rooted in the need for solidarity and risk pooling by the society given that no individual can guarantee his or her own security.Formal social security system in Africa and other developing countries is a product of colonialism. In Tanzania during the colonial era, social security coverage was extended to the few people who were in the colonial employment. Most of the people were excluded from any type of public social security scheme. The majority of the Tanzanian people depended upon the traditional social security system for their protection, which is still the case to date, though effects of urbanization and difficult economic environment have weakened the same.After independence, the Government of Tanzania introduced a series of policies and measures to reverse the situation that prevailed during the colonial era. The measures included access to free education and healthcare, provision of social welfare services to marginalized groups such as the elderly, people with disabilities and children in difficult circumstances, as well as establishment of statutory social security schemes.However, tax financed social services have proved to be unsustainable as evidenced by introduction of cost sharing in sectors such as education and health. 1 1. 2 The Concept of Social Security Social security means any kind of collective measures or activities designed to ensure that members of society meet their basic needs and are protected from the contingencies to enable them maintain a standard of living consistent with social norms.The social security concept has been changing with time from the traditional ways of security to modern ones. As societies became more industrialized as a result of industrial revolution in the 19th century and more people became dependent upon wage employment, it was no longer possible to rely upon the traditional system of social security. The negative impact of industrialization and urbanization attracted the attention of policy makers to formalize social security system that addressed the emerged social issues.Social security is defined in its broadest meaning by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as: â€Å"The protection measures which society provides for its members, through a series of public m easures against economic and social distress that would otherwise be caused by the stoppages or substantial reduction of earnings resulting from sickness, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, disability, old age, death, the provision of medical care subsidies for families with children. The ILO framework of social security is based on a three-tier structure, which seeks to utilize various funding sources for provision of better protection to the country’s population. This structure also seeks to address needs of different groups in the 2 society with respect to income and degree of vulnerability. The structure consists of the following: a) Tier One – Social Assistance Schemes This constitutes provision of services such as primary health; primary education, water, food security and other services on a means tested basis.These services are usually financed by the government and Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs. b) Tier Two – Mandatory Schemes These are usually compulsory and contributory schemes financed by both employer and employee during the working life for terminal and short-term benefits. c) Tier Three – Voluntary or Supplementary Schemes The schemes under this tier include personal savings, co-operative and credit societies, occupational pensions schemes and private schemes; managed by employers, professional bodies, communitybased organizations and other private sector actors. CHAPTER II 2. O SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN TANZANIA 2. 1 Objectives of the Social Security Services Social security in Tanzania covers a wider variety of public and private measures meant to provide benefits in the event of the individuals’ earning power permanently ceasing, being interrupted, never developing, being unable to avoid poverty, or being exercised only at an acceptable social costs. The major domains of social security are: poverty prevention, poverty alleviation, social compensation and income distri bution.Many issues relating to social security are sensitive, as they touch on the material interests of organized workers and the unorganized poor as well as insurance industry and employer organizations. The social security system in Tanzania has the following key elements:†¢ Social assistance schemes which are non-contributory and income-tested, and provided by the state to groups such as people with disabilities, elderly people and unsupported parents and children who are unable to provide for their own minimum needs.In Tanzania social assistance also covers social relief, which is a short term measure to tide people over a particular individual or community crisis; †¢ Mandatory schemes, where people contribute through the employers to pension or provident funds, employers also contribute to these funds; 4 †¢ Private savings, where people voluntarily save for retirement, working capital and insure themselves against events such as disability and loss of income and meet other social needs. Despite the existence of this framework, service delivery has not reached the majority of Tanzanians due to inadequate financing and fragmented institutional arrangements.The estimated total population of Tanzania is 33. 5 million1. Out of this, 70 per cent are in the rural areas, while the rest are in urban areas. The total labour force of Tanzania is estimated at 16 million, where 5. 4% of the total labour force or 2. 7% of the total population is covered by the mandatory formal social security system. 93 per cent of the capable workforce is engaged in the informal sector in both rural and urban areas; out of that 80 per cent is in engaged in the agrarian economy2. 2. Informal Social Security System Tanzania, like many other countries in the developing world has had strong informal and traditional social security systems built on family and/or community support.In times of contingencies such as famine, diseases, and old age; individuals have depended on f amily, clan members and members of the community for assistance in the form of cash or in kind. While it is recognized that over time, traditional social security system has tended to decay and change forms in response to the forces of urbanization and industrialization, there is evidence that in Tanzania family and 2 National Bureau of Statistics, 2001 National Labourforce Survey, 1999 5 community social support system have remained as means of social security within different social groups. Overtime, socio-economic reforms have slowly resulted into disintegration of the family-based social security protection leading to the formation of self-help groupings such as UPATU, UMASIDA and VIBINDO. 2. 3 Formal Social Security System Formal social security is a regulated mechanism of protecting citizens against social contingencies.This system has existed in Tanzania well before independence; whereby various policy statements have been made and Acts passed in regard to the protection of t he population against contingencies like injury, loss of employment and old age. These include the Master and Native Ordinance Cap 78 as amended by Cap. 371, Provident Fund (Government Employees) Ordinance Cap 51, Provident Fund (Local Authorities) Ordinance Cap. 53 and the Workmen’s Compensation Ordinance Cap 262. After independence new legislations were enacted and others amended.These include the Severance Allowance Act No. 57 of 1962; the National Provident Fund Act No. 36 of 1964 amended by Act. No. 2 of 1975 which was later repealed and replaced by the National Social Security Fund Act No. 28 of 1997; the Parastatal Pensions Act No. 14 of 1978, the Public Service Retirement Benefits Act of 1999, the National Health Insurance Fund Act No. 8 of 1999 and Local Authorities Provident Fund Act. No. 6 of 2000. 6 Currently, there are five major formal institutions that provide social security protection in Tanzania.These are the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) offering soc ial security coverage to employees of private sector and non-pensionable parastatal and government employees, the Public Service Pension Fund (PSPF) providing social security protection to employees of central Government under pensionable terms, Parastatal Pension Fund (PPF) offering social security coverage to employees of the both private and parastatal organizations, the Local Authorities Provident Fund (LAPF) offering social security coverage to employees of the Local Government and the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) offering health insurance coverage to pensionable employees of central government.The formal social security total coverage in Tanzania is about 871,000 members distributed as 363,000 for NSSF, 193,000 for PSPF, 180,000 for NHIF, 90,000 for PPF and 45,000 for LAPF. This represents about 85% of the persons employed in the formal employment sector. 2. 4 The Impact of Social Security System in Tanzania Efforts by the government to provide social security protect ion in the country have brought about significant development. However, due to the absence of an elaborate social security policy to guide effective functioning of the industry, there are some structural, operational and policy weaknesses inherent in the social security system. a) i) Achievements Investment of Social Security Funds 7Social security institutions in Tanzania have been investing in portfolios such as commercial loans, real estate, government securities, Loanable funds, bank deposits and equities; all of which have contributed to social and macro-economic development of the country. ii) Awareness on Social Security Matters There has been an increase in the level of public awareness on the social security system in respect of benefits offered, coverage, investments and general operations of the sector. iii) Organized Self-help Groups Informal social security scheme in the form of self-help groups has been more organized than before. (b) Shortcomings in the Current Social Security System The existing social security system in Tanzania is characterised by a number of shortcomings, which need to be addressed by this policy.Among these shortcomings are: – i) Limited Coverage Persons covered by the social security schemes are those who are employed in the formal sector estimated at 1. 0 million. This is only about 5. 4% of the whole labour force of over 16 million Tanzanians. This means the remaining 15 million labour force, engaged in informal sector and comparatively more vulnerable are not covered by the formal social security protection. ii) Inadequacy of Benefits Paid (Number and Meaningfulness) 8 The number of benefits offered by most of the existing schemes fall below the ILO Minimum Standards in terms of number, quality and indexation to the current levels of earnings. ii) Fragmentation and Lack of Co-ordination The social security sector lacks co-ordination at national level as each Fund reports to a different Ministry with differing ope rational rules and procedures. As a result, contribution rates, benefit structures, qualifying conditions as well as plans and priorities differ form one institution to another. iv) Lack of Mechanism for Portability of Benefit Rights There is no established mechanism that can allow benefit rights of a member to be transferred from one scheme to another. This results in employees losing some of their benefit rights when they move from one sector to another. v) Social Security Benefits In some of the Tanzania’s social security schemes, members’ benefits are not rights but privileges.Normally, members loose some of their benefits if they leave employment before attainment of their pensionable ages. nature of termination. vi) Conflicts in the Existing Legislations Establishing legislations of the current social security institutions have provisions that conflict in terms of operations. In other circumstances, members’ benefit rights are determined by the employers d epending on the 9 vii) Non-contributory Social Security Benefits Currently, there is a segment of salaried workers who are getting social security benefits fully financed through tax revenues; this is a strain to the Government budget. viii) Liberalization There has been a monopoly in the operation of social security institutions in the country. ix)Investment of Social Security Funds There has been inadequate guidance on investment of social security fund at national level 2. 5 i) Challenges In The Social Security System Weakening of Informal Social Protection System Socio-economic developments taking place in Tanzania have resulted into a slow but steady disintegration of the kinship or family-based social support systems on which the majority of Tanzanians have depended for protection against contingencies. Economic hardships have made it difficult for individuals, families and/or kin members to provide assistance to each other in time of crisis and need. The high rate of urbanisa tion has also taken its toll on traditional social protection systems.There has been increasing fragmentation with families becoming more dispersed thereby eroding the capacity of extended families to function as social safety nets. ii) Limited Growth of the Formal Employment 10 Public sector reforms have resulted into retrenchment of workers, freezing employment in the public sector and privatisation of public enterprises. These have led to increased unemployment, which in turn has forced more people to resort to employment in the urban informal sector where earnings are often inadequate and/or uncertain. There is however a limited growth in employment in the private sector. iii) Reduced Access to Social Services Despite the deliberate measures by the government to improve provision of ocial services to the public, considerable part of the population has either limited or no access to services. In some instances, cost sharing in the provision of social services has reduced the capa city of the people to access the services. iv) Low levels of incomeIncomes for the majority of the people in Tanzania are generally inadequate to meet their basic requirements and save for future use. v) Declaration of Low Insurable Earnings Some employers provide remunerations composed of basic salaries and allowances, while deductions for social security are based on basic salaries only, leading to lower benefits from social security institutions upon retirement. 2. Rationale For A Social Security Policy The existing social security system has many shortcomings that include low coverage of the Tanzanian Society, fragmentation of 11 legislation, lack of regulatory framework, lack of a mechanism for portability of benefits and inadequacy of benefits provided. Therefore, the need for a well-articulated national social security policy is more eminent now than ever. In view of the foregoing, there is a need for having a comprehensive national social security policy that shall address t he needs of employed people in the formal sector, self employed population in the informal sector, the elderly, people with disabilities and children in need of special protection.Therefore the social security policy is expected to: Widen the scope and coverage of social security services to all the citizens; Harmonize social security schemes in the country so as to eliminate fragmentation and rationalize contribution rates and benefit structures; Reduce poverty through improved quality and quantity of benefits offered; Institute a mechanism for good governance and sustainability of social security institutions through establishment of a regulatory body; Establish a social security structure that is consistent with the ILO standards but with due regard to the socio-economic situation in the country; and Ensure more transparency and involvement of social partners in the decision making with respect to social security institutions 12 CHAPTER THREE 3. POLICY ISSUES AND STATEMENTS The g eneral objective of the policy is to ensure that every citizen is protected against economic and social distress resulting from substantial loss in income due to various contingencies. Underlying the above–mentioned general objective, this policy shall therefore address the following specific issues: 3. 1 Policy Issue: The Structure of Social Security Sector Different social groups face different contingencies, hence calling for varied types of protection. Provision of comprehensive social security services should follow a structure that recognises different levels of needs, utilises different funding sources and reflects roles of various stakeholders.Policy Statement: Provision of social security services in the country shall be structured as follows: a) Social Assistance Programmes The Government shall enhance the capacity to attend to the social assistance programmes that constitute services such as primary health; primary education, water, food security and social welfare services to vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities, the elderly and children in difficult circumstances on a means tested basis. Moreover, the government shall create an enabling environment for other institutions such as Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), charitable organisations, families and mutual assistance groups to supplement the government’s effort in the provision of such services. 13 b)Mandatory Schemes Mandatory social security institutions that shall operate under the social insurance principles in accordance with minimum acceptable standards and benchmarks. c) Supplementary Schemes Supplementary schemes shall be established to cater for different social services like health, pensions and other types of insurance over and above those provided by mandatory and social assistance programmes. These schemes shall be run by employers, bodies private and companies, professional community-based organisations (CBOs). 3. 2 Policy Issue: Coverage The existin g mandatory social security schemes currently cover only 5. 4 % of the labour force estimated at 16. 0 million.The larger part of the labour force engaged in the informal sector that includes smallholder agriculture, small-scale mining, fishing, and petty businesses are inadequately covered by self-help initiatives. Moreover, accessibility to the social welfare services by the disadvantaged groups is limited; hence the majority of the people are not covered by the formal social security schemes. Policy Statements: a) Social Welfare Service shall be improved and extended to enhance accessibility to disadvantaged groups including people with disabilities, the elderly and children in difficult circumstances. b) A legal framework shall provide for all employees in the formal sector and devise means of extending coverage to the informal sector such as agricultural, 14 ining, fishing and small businesses. c) There shall be an act to support the formation of mutual assistance initiatives b y the NGOs, CBOs and other groups operating at community level. d) Employers, financial institutions, professional associations, insurance companies, social security institutions and other organisations shall be enabled to establish supplementary schemes to provide social security benefits over and above those provided by mandatory and social assistance programmes. 3. 3 Policy Issue: Social Security as a Right According to Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10th December 1948; social protection is a rights issue.Likewise, Article 11(1) of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania stipulates that:â€Å"The state authority shall make appropriate provisions for the realisation of a person’s right to work, to self education and social welfare at times of old age, sickness or disability and in other cases of incapacity†¦.. †3 In view of such provision there is still inadequate coverage of social security services to the Tanzanian Socie ty. Policy Statement Efforts shall be made to enhance awareness and 3 United Republic of Tanzania (1998) â€Å"The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977† 15 sensitisation of the society regarding the important and provision of social security services as a right.3. Policy Issue: Inadequacy of Benefits offered The number and quality of benefits offered by most of the existing social security funds are not adequate to meet the basic needs of beneficiaries; in terms of the number of benefits, magnitude and indexation to the current levels of earnings. Policy Statement: Social security schemes shall have a standard minimum number of benefits offered and indexed to the current levels of earnings of contributors. 3. 5 Policy Issue: Portability of Social Security Benefits Benefit rights are not portable when a member moves from one scheme to another due to differing legislations, operational rules and procedures. As a result members loose some of their benefit righ ts just by moving from one scheme to another. Policy Statement There shall be regulated mechanisms established to enable portability of benefit rights when a member moves from one scheme to another. 3. 6Policy Issue: Lack of Co-ordination 16 The current social security institutions are placed under different Ministries with different rules and procedures, as a result there is a conflict in the administration of social security matters. Policy Statement: The social security sector shall be coordinated by the Ministry responsible for social security matters. 3. 7 Policy Issue: Reciprocal Agreements for Transfer of Benefits Labour mobility across nations has become a common phenomenon due to globalisation and foreign investment, there by require people work and live in different countries; and hence find themselves contributing to various social security institutions.Lack of a mechanism for transfer of benefit rights across nations may result into some members loosing their rights or b eing unable to qualify for better benefits. Policy Statement: Legal mechanisms shall be developed to provide for reciprocal agreements with other countries for transfer of social security benefits across nations. 3. 8 Policy Issue: Partial Withdrawal of Benefits Social security schemes do not provide for pre-mature withdrawals of benefits by members before attainment of the pensionable age. However, due to unstable employment environment, low level of income of most of the workers and little awareness on social security matters, members have a tendency of demanding total 17 withdrawal of benefits upon termination of employment before the attainment of pensionable age.Policy Statement: Legal mechanisms shall be developed to allow for withdrawal of part of the accumulated benefits; while the balance shall remain for long-term benefits on premature termination of their employment. 3. 9 Policy Issue: Financing of Social Security Services The Government has the responsibility of providin g social security services to its citizens. However, due to limited resources the Government still provides limited services for salaried employees and individuals who can afford to contribute for the services. Policy Statements: (a) Services under Social Assistance Programs shall be offered on a means-tested basis and financed by the general tax revenue and other grants. b) Mechanisms shall be established to ensure that all salaried employees and individuals, who can afford to contribute to the mandatory schemes, do so to ensure enhancement of benefits.3. 10 Policy Issue: Guaranteeing of Mandatory Schemes The Government has the responsibility to guarantee members’ benefits in the event the established mandatory social security 18 schemes become insolvent. So far there is no concrete commitment by the Government to instil contributors confidence in their membership Policy Statement: (a) (b) The Government shall continue to guarantee members’ benefits in the established mandatory schemes. The Government shall ensure that Social Security Schemes are managed efficiently. 3. 1 Policy Issue: Taxation on Contributions, Investment Income and Benefits Contributions and income accrued from investment by social security institutions are being taxed thus weakening the capacity of the schemes to offer quality benefit to members. Policy Statement: The government shall continue to review tax policies to ensure contributions, benefits and income from investments to enable mandatory schemes offer meaningful benefits to members. 3. 12 Policy Issue: Investment of Social Security Funds Investment of social security funds is an inseparable function of social security institutions. Sustainability of the schemes and improvement of benefits depend on investment income.Social security funds have often been directed to areas where there is no stimulation of economic growth. There are no clear-cut guidelines directing investments of social security funds at the national l evel. 19 Policy Statement: Guide lines will be developed based on principles of safety yield and liquidity. 3. 13 Policy Issue: Good Governance Good governance is the key to smooth functioning and efficiency in all social security schemes, as they are entrusted to manage funds on behalf of the contributors. There has been poor governance in social security services. Policy Statement There shall be guidelines to ensure that all social security schemes are transparent and accountable to the members and the public at large.3. 4 Policy Issue: Legal Framework and Minimum Standards There is fragmentation of social security system in the country with respect to different legislations and design of the schemes. These schemes also lack minimum standards to guide their operations. Policy Statement: There shall be an act to govern and standardize operations of the social security sector. The law shall also provide for the establishment of a regulatory body that shall ensure smooth and efficien t operations of the sector. 20 3. 15 Policy Issue: Liberalization of the Social Security Sector The current trend in the country is to liberalize various sectors in the economy. However, the current social sector is based on organization/institution monopoly in its operation.Policy Statements: Social security institutions shall operate in a regulated liberalized market as follows:While the existing Social mandatory Security social Services security under institutions shall operate and compete among themselves supplementary schemes shall be fully liberalized. 21 CHAPTER IV 4. 0 ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS The different stakeholders shall have the following roles to play in the social security sector:4. 1 The Government †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 4. 2 Coverage of the social assistance programmes Put an enabling environment for smooth operations of the social security To institute regulatory and legal framework Supervision of the sector. Guarantor of mandatory schemesSocial Secu rity Institutions †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Offering quality benefits and services Good governance of the schemes Involvement of Stakeholders Widen coverage Awareness creation and sensitisation 4. 3 Employers †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Registration of employees Timely and accurate remittance of contributions Awareness creation and sensitisation Adherence to safety and occupational health rules 4. 4 Workers’ Unions †¢ †¢ †¢ Representation of workers’ interests in the social security Awareness creation and sensitisation Support the social security industry. 22 sector 4. 5 NGOs/CBOs †¢ Complement efforts by the Government in the provision of social †¢ assistance programmes and establishment of supplementary schemes Awareness creation to the public 4. 6 Communities †¢ †¢ Responsiveness to the needs of the vulnerable persons Maintain self-help traditions 23